ProYecTo de LóGiCa..!*

http://D:\xio johan_FlashPoint\Output\index.htm

We..!! =)*

Angela Paredes H.

Reading Comprehension!!*

A special Christmas Present

David wants to buy a Christmas present for a very special person, his mother. David's father gives him $5.00 a week pocket money and David puts $2.00 a week into his bank account. After three months David takes $20.00 out of his bank account and goes to the shopping mall. He looks and looks for a perfect gift.Suddenly he sees a beautiful brooch in the shape of his favourite pet. He says to himself "Mother loves jewelry, and the brooch costs only $l7.00." He buys the brooch and takes it home. He wraps the present in Christmas paper and places it under the tree. He is very excited and he is looking forward to Christmas morning to see the joy on his mother's face. But when his mother opens the present she screams with fright because she sees a spider.

A special Christmas present . Choose the correct answer :

1-What does David want to buy his Mother?

• a special birthday present
• a Christmas present
• a spider ring
  

2-Who does David get his money from?

• his pet
• his mother
• his father

3-How much money does David have in the bank?

• $20.00
• $5.00
• $l7.00

4-What does David buy his mother?

• a ring
• a brooch
• a spider
  

5-What does David do with the present when he takes it home?

• he gives it to his mother
• he wraps it in Christmas paper
• he is very excited
  

6-Why does David's mother scream?

• because the present is beautiful
• because she doesn't like Christmas presents
• because she thinks she sees a real spider
  

7-Why does David buy a spider brooch?

• spiders are his favourite pet
• he loves Christmas
• to scare his mother
  

8-Where does David put the present on Christmas Eve?

• under his pillow
• under a spider
• under the Christmas tree
  

Melisa Reyes

rocio chavez

Minaya Aguilar.

MODAL PERFECT

We can use the modal perfect to talk about the past

modal perfect= modal + have + past participle

e.g. You should have seen what Emma worw to the party

POSIBILITY:

Simon may/might/could have been at the party. I can´t really remember.

(= It´s possible he was at the party)

CERTAINTY:

Francis must have been 11 when he moved to France. (I´m sure he was 11)

HYPOTETICAL SITUATIONS:

I coul/woul have passed the exam if I´d studied harder

(= I didn´t pass because I didn´t study hard enough.)

OPINION:

You ought to/should have called me. (= You didn´t call me but I wish you

had called me.)

Note: modal perfect continuous = modal + have + been + ing form

e.g. We must have been dancing four hours.

We use the modal perfect continous:

for actions in progress on interrupted when another action happens

e.g. He can´t have been driving carefully when he crashed the card

Rocio Chavez

Modals I (ability, obligation, advice, permission)

The modals are:

Can (can´t / cannot) Could (couldn´t / could not)

May (may not) Migth (migthn´t / migth not)

Will (won´t / will not) Would (wouldn´t / would not)

Must (mustn´t / must not) Should (shouldn´t / should not)

Be careful!! Modals have only one form. For example, they do not take an "-s" in the third person singular.

The semi - modals are:

Have to

It has a similar meaning to must, but it does change its form depending on person and tense:

have / has (got) to (don´t / doesn´t have to / do / does not have to, haven´t / hasn´t got to / have / has not got to + didn´t have to, etc)

ought to (oughtn´t / ought not to)

It has a similar meaning to sholud. It doesn´t change its form depending on person and tense.

Be careful!! Modals are never followed by the full infinitive (with to). Use the bare infinitive.

Example: I can´t go to the party.

Brian Rueda Pichilingue

Examples

Minaya Aguilar

Modal perfect

We can use the modal perfect to talk about the past.
modal perfect = modal + have + past participle
e.g. You should have seen what Emma wore to the party.

possibility Simon may/might/could have been al the party. I can't really remember. (= It's possible he was at the party.)

certainty Francis must have been 11 when he moved to france. (= I'm sure he was 11.)
Francis can't/couldn't have been 10 when he moved to france. (= I'm sure he wasn't 10.)

hypothetical I could/would have passed the exam if I'd studied harder.
situatons (= I didn't pass because I didn't study hard enoungh.)
note: here could = would have benn able to

opinion You ought to/should have called me. (= You didn't call me but I wish you had called me.)
He oughtn't to/shouldn't have spoken to her like that. (= he did speak to her like that but I think what he did was wrong.)

Note: modal perfect continuous = modal + have + been + -ing form
e.g. We must have been dancing for hours.

We use the modal perfect continuous:
- For actions in progresss or interrupted when another action happens
e.g. He can't have been driving carefully when he crashed the car.

- To emphasise that an action continued for a long time
e.g. Jan must have been talking on the phone for al least 3 hours!

Minaya Aguilar.

Simple Perfect (simple and continuous)

We use present perfect simple for:

- Actions and situations taht happened at an unspecified time before the moment of speaking.

e.g. I have seen that film loads of times. (before now)
I've never heard of that pop group before.
She's just turned off the TV. (not long before now)

- Actions and situations that started in the past and still happen, or are still true, at the moment of speaking.

e.g. She has written short stories since she was a child. (she still writes short stories)
I have believed in ghosts ever since that night. (I still believe in ghosts)

Present perfect simple (positive):
I/You/We/They + have+ past participle
He/She + has + past participle

Present perfect simple (negative):
I/You/We/They + haven't/have not + past participle
He/She + hasn't/has not + past participle

Present Perfect simple (question form):
Have + I/you/we/they + past participle...?
Has + he/ she + past participle...?

Time expressions often used with present perfect simple

for (+ period of time) e.g. I have lived in Belgium for three years.
since (+ time when it started) e.g. I have lived in Belgium since 2003.
just e.g. He has just woken up.
already e.g. I've got that CD already. I have already got that CD.
yet (with negatives and questions) e.g. I haven't seen that film yet. Have you seen the new Mel Gibson film yet?
still (with negatives) e.g. I still haven't found my sunglasses.
recently/lately e.g. I've bought a lot of magazines recently.
so far e.g. I've read 100 pages of this book so far.
before e.g. Have you eaten Chinese food before?
ever/never e.g. Have you ever been to Germany?. I've never been to China.


Be careful! We often use present perfect simple with the superlative and with ordinal numbers (first, second, third, etc).

e.g. It's the best film I've ever seen. It's the best time I've been to South America.

Carl has been to Mexico. = Carl is not in Mexico now.
Carl has gone to mexico. = Carl is in Mexico or on his way to Mexico now.

We use present perfect continuos for:

- Actions and situations that started in the past and still continue al the moment of speaking.

e.g. She has been working as a journalist for three years.

- Temporary actions and situations in the recent past.

e.g. I've just been readingan interesting article about celebrities.

Present perfect continuous (positive):
I/You/We/They + have + been + -ing form
He/She + has + been + -ing gorm

Present perfect continuous (negative):
I/You/We/They + haven't/have not + been + -ing form
He/She + hasn't/has not + been + -ing form

Present perfect continuous (question form):
Have + I/you/we/they + been + -ing form...?
Has + he/she + been + -ing form...?

Time expressions often used with present perfect continuous

for (+period of time) e.g. I have been living in Belgium for three years.
since (+ time when it started) e.g. I have been living in belgium since 2003.
just e.g. he has just been playing football.
recently/lately e.g. I've been seeing a lot of Karen recently.
all day, all morning, etc e.g. I've been doing my homework all evening. I need a break now.

Be careful! Something there is very little difference in meaning between present perfect simple and present perfect continuous:

e.g. I have lived here for two years now. (= I moved here two years ago.)
I have been living here for two years now. (= I moved here two years ago.)

Sometimes there is a big difference in meaning:

e.g. I've lived in Paris, London and Rome. (= I don't live in Paris now.)
I've been living in Paris for two years now. (= I live in Paris.)

Minaya Aguilar.

Will and be going to.

We use both will and be going to to talk about the future. Sometimes there is very little difference in meaning. It is often just a matter of formality. Will is generally more formal than be going to.

We can use either will or be going to for:

• Facts about the future.

There will be an eclipse of the sun tomorrow. (formal)

There´s going to be an eclipse tomorrow. (informal)

• Predictions (opinios about the future) not based on present evidence.

One day people will have holidays on Mars. (formal)

One day people are going to have holidays on Mars. (informal)

• Decisions made at the moment of speaking.

I know! I´ll get Dad a DVD for Christmas.

I know! I´m going to get Dad a DVD for Christmas.

NOTE: Will emphasises the decision, whereas be going to emphasises the intention. The meaning, however, is basically the same in both sentences.

We can use will for:

• most first conditional sentences.
• offers, suggestions and request.

BE CAREFUL!

With offers and suggestions in the questions form, we do not use will with I and we. We use shall:

Example: Will I help you with the washing-up? (mistake).

Shall I help you with the washing-up?

We can use Be going to for:

• Plans and intentions (which you already have when you speak)
• Predictions based on present evidence.

Brian Rueda Pichilingue.

Melisa Reyes I.

SILABUS

1. Will and be going to.




2. Present Perfect - (simple and continuous).




3. Modals I - (ability, obligation, advice, permission).




4. Modal Perfect.

Brian Rueda Pichilingue.

conversation

asking about families:

rita: tell me about your brother and sister, Sue.
Sue: well, my sister is a lawyer.
Rita: really? Does she live here in seattle?
Sue: yes, she does. But she´s working in washington, D.C. right now.
Her job is top secret.
Rita: Wow! And wath does your brother do?
Sue: He´s a painter. He working in Argentina this month. He has an exibition there.
Rita: Wath an interesting familily!

WelcoMe....!!!* =)

Exercises:

Vocabulary..

1.- ______________________

2.- ______________________

3.- ______________________

4.- ______________________

5.- ______________________

6.- ______________________

7.- ______________________

8.- ______________________

9.- ______________________

10.- ______________________

11.- ______________________

12.- ______________________

13.- ______________________

14.- ______________________

15.- ______________________

Angela Paredes H.

Sing WiTh me..!!!*

lest go to Sing.: !!!*

"Smother Me"

Let me be the one who calls you baby

All the time

Surely you can take some comfort

Knowing that you're mine

Just hold me tight, lay by my side

and let me be the one who calls you

Baby all the time

I found my place in the world

Could stare at your face for the rest of

my days

Now I can breathe, turn my insides out

and Smother me

Warm and alive I'm all over you

would you smother me?

Let me be the one who never leaves

You all alone

I hold my breath and lose the feeling

That I'm on my own

Hold me too tight stay by my side

and let me be the one who calls you

Baby all the time

I found my place in the world

Could stare at your face for the rest of

my days

Now I can breathe, turn my insides out

and Smother me

Warm and alive I'm all over you

would you smother me?

When I'm alone time goes so slow

I need you here with me

and how my mistakes have made

Your heart break

Still I need you here with me

Baby I'm here

Now I can breathe, turn my insides out

and Smother me

Warm and alive I'm all over you

would you smother me?

Let me be the one who calls you baby

All the time

Let me be the one who calls you baby
All the time

Let me be the one who calls you baby
All the time

Let me be the one who calls you baby

The one who calls you baby

Angela Paredes H.

Comparatives and superlatives

We can use comparative adjectives and adverbs to compare things or people that are different and separate from each other.

example: Justine is taller than Melissa and Eliot.

Adam reads more slowly than his brother.

We use superlative adjectives and adverbs to compare one member of a group with the whole group.

example : Justine is the tallest person in the family.

Of all the students in the class, Pete did the best in the test.

NOTE: SUPERLATIVE ADVERBS ARE NOT USED VERY OFTEN IN ENGLISH.

Brian Rueda P.

Past simple and Past continuous

We use past simple for:

• Completed actions at a specific time in the past. example: I bought three CDs yesterday.


• Completed situations and statesin the past. example: I had green hair for a while as a teenager.


• Repeated actions in the past. example: We played football every saturday.


• The main events and situations in a story. example: I ran out of the house, crossed the road and jumped on the bus.

Regular verbs

positive = subject + bare infinitive + -ed.

example: appear........:I/you/he/she/we/they appeared.

negative = subject + did not (didn´t) + bare infinitive.

example: I/you/he/she/we/they didn´t appear.

questions form = Did + subject + bare infinitive.

example: Did I/you/he/she/we/they appear?

Irregular verbs

The negative and questions form for irregular verbs are the same as for regular verbs.

positive: Inga went to London.

negative: Inga didn´t go to London.

questions form: Did Inga go to London?

The only exception is the verb to be:

positive: You were in London./ Inga was in London.

negative: You were not (weren´t) in London./ Inga was not (wasn´t) in London.

questions form: Were you in London?./ Was Inga in London?

Emphatic past simple

We can use the emphatic past simple to emphasise an action or situation in the past, particularly to emphasise that it actually happened, or that it´s different to what someone else thinks.

Emphatic past simple = subject + did + bare infinitive.

past simple: I know you don´t believe me but I saw a ghost.

emphatic past simple: I konw you don´t believe me but I did see a ghost.

NOTE: WE CAN´T USE THE EMPHATIC PAST SIMPLE WITH THE VERB TO BE.

Brian Rueda P.

Past simple and Past continuous

• Completed actions at a specific time in the past

I bought three cds yesterday.

• Complete situacions and states in the past

I hat green hair form a while as a teenager

• Repited actions in the past

we player fotbool every saturday

Brian Rueda

COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

countables

example : two cars

four apples

uncountables:

some hamburgers

some milk

Rocio Chavez

Countables and Uncountables Exercise at Auto-English

Circle the correct answer.
1 Is there ________ cheese left?
A) some
B) any
C) the

2 To make pancakes we need ________ eggs and some flour.
A)some
B) any
C) an

3 How ________ money do we have left?
A) many
B) much
C) do

4 How ________ cars are we taking?
A) many
B) much
C) long

5 How ________ glasses of wine did you drink?
A) many
B) much
C) drunk

6 Excuse me. I need ________ information about trains to Guadalajara.
A) some
B) any
C) an

7 Do you know ________ good restaurants near here?
A) some
B) any
C) the

8 For lunch today I had a salad and ________ piece of pizza.
A) some
B) any
C) a

Rocio Chavez

Countable and uncountable nouns

Countable nouns
are nouns we can count. They have a singular and a plural form.
e.g one cat, two cats
a person, five people
One sheep is in the field. Two sheep are in the field.

Uncountable nouns are nouns we canno
some music, a lot of information

We can CANNOT say musics or informations
Uncountable nouns are sually followed by a singular verb.
e.g. That information is really important

Be careful!
Some nouns are countable with one meaning and uncountable with another meaning.
e.g uncountable: That chicken was delicious. (the meat)
countable: the chickens were eating. (the birds)

Words and phrases commonly used with countable and uncountable nouns

Countable and uncontable nouns
many much how many how much

a lot of a lots of lot of lot of
some some a few a little

few little a number of an amount of

a, an, one, two, three, etc a piece of the the

Be careful!

• many and much are usually only used in negative sentences and uestions
• in positive sentences it is much more common to use a lots of or lots of (because many and much are very formal in positive sentenses)
• it is also very common to use a lot of and lots of in negative and questions
• few usually means not many whereas a few usually means some

Few people believe in ghosts these days. (= not many)
I know a few people who believe in ghosts. (= some)

Rocío Chávez

Exercises used TO and Would

I. Tick the correct sentences. Put a cross (x) next to those that are incorrect.

1. Carl used to believe in ghosts but he doesn't any more.

2. I would love reading about mysteries when I was younger.

3. Did you use to thought there were monsters under your bed?

4. Would you go to sleep with the light on when yuo were very young?

5. Miranda never used to buy books about UFOs.

II. Complete each sentence using the word given so that it means the same as the sentence before it. Use no more than five words.

1. My grandma always said there was an explanation for everything. used

My grandma always ........................... there was an ecplanation for everything.

2. I never believed in UFOs until I saw one. believe

I ....................... in UFOs until I saw one.

3. Uncle Bob did great card tricks whenever he came to visit. would

Uncle Bob .......................... great card tricks whenever he came to visit.

4. Kate's sure saw ghosts regularly when she was a small child. to

Kate's sure she .......................... ghosts regularly when she was a small child.

Minaya Aguilar.

Used "to" and "would"

We saw in Grammar Bank that we can use pat simple (and NOT past continuous) for repeated actions in the past.
e.g. I played basketball every Saturday when I was a teenager.

We can also use used to + bare infinitive or wouls + bare infinitive.
e.g. I used to play basketball every Saturday when I was a tennager.
I would play basketball every Saturday when I was a tennager.

Be careful! For continuing states and situations (rather than actions), we CAN use past simple or used to, but we CANNOT use would.
e.g. I loved toy shops when I was a kid.
I used to love toy shops when I was a kid.
BUT NOT: I would love toy shops when I was a kid.

There are several ways of expressing the negative whit used to. The most common is whit never.
e.g. I never used to like chocolate, but I do now.

These forms are also possible, but they are less common:
I didn't used to like chocolate, but i do now.
I didn't use to like chocolate, but I do now.
I used not to like chocolate, but I do now.

Be careful! There are two main ways of asking questions whit used to:
e.g. Did you used to live in Germany? (more common)*
Did you use to live in Germany? (less common)

*Note: Some people think this form is grammatically incorrect.

Minaya Aguilar.

Stative verbs ~ Exercises

Stative verbs ~ Exercises

Put the verb into the correct form. Use either the present simple or the present continuous.

1. Please don't make so much noise. I __________________ (study).
2. How many languages __________________ (Tom speak).
3. I __________________ (not/belong) to a political party.
4. Hurry! The bus __________________ (come). I __________________ (not/want) to miss it.
5. The River Nile __________________ (flow) into the Mediterranean.
6. The river __________________ (flow) very fast today — much faster than usual.
7. __________________ (it/ever/snow) in India?
8. We usually __________________ (grow) vegetables in our garden, but this year we __________________ (not/grow) any.
9. A: Can you drive?
B: No, but I __________________ (learn). My father __________________ (teach) me.
10. You can borrow my umbrella. I __________________ (not/need) it at the moment.
11. (at a party) I usually __________________ (enjoy) parties but I __________________ (not/enjoy) this one very much.
12. George says he's 80- years old but I __________________ (not/believe) him.
13. Ron is in London at the moment. He __________________ (stay) at the Hilton Hotel. He usually __________________ (stay) at the Hilton Hotel when he's in London.
14. My parents __________________ (live) in Bristol. They were born there and have never lived anywhere else. Where __________________ (your/parents/live)?
15. She __________________ (stay) with her sister at the moment, until she finds somewhere to live.
16. A: What __________________ (your father/do)?
B: He's a teacher, but he __________________ (not/work) at the moment.
17. What time __________________ (the banks/close) in Britain?
18. I don't understand the word 'aint'. What __________________ (it/mean)?
19. He is still ill but he __________________ (get/better) slowly.
20. The economic situation is already bad and it __________________ (get/worse).

You have 20 minutes to solve it.
Luck
=)*

Angela Paredes

Stative Verbs

Verbs in English can be classified into two categories: stative verbs and dynamic verbs. Dynamic verbs (sometimes referred to as "action verbs") usually describe actions we can take, or things that happen; stative verbs usually refer to a state or condition which is not changing or likely to change. The difference is important, because stative verbs cannot normally be used in the continuous (BE + ING) forms. This will explain the differences between the two types of verb, and give lots of examples of each kind.



Stative verbs
Stative verbs usually refer to a state or condition which is quite static or unchanging. They can be divided into verbs of perception or cognition (which refer to things in the mind), or verbs of relation (which describe the relationships between things). Here are some examples:









Note that we CANNOT use these verbs in the continuous (progressive) forms; you CAN'T say "*Yong is owning three cars." Owning is a state, not an action, so it is always in the simple form.

Example verbs
Here some common stative verbs. The lists may help you to understand what types of verbs are likely to be stative.

Stative Verbs

love

hate

like

see

hear

sound

think (meaning "have an opinion")

mind (meaning "care about")

recognize

seem

have (meaning "own")

prefer

doubt

consist of

mean

Angela Paredes

Present Continuous- Exercises

Present Continuous - affirmative

Write correct sentences in present continuous . Sometimes you have to guess the verb

• He (drink) .......................... a water
• He (wait) ................ for the bus
• Mike (think ) ................. about / his / problems
• He (read) .................. a / novel
• He (play) .................. the guitar
• He ( laugh ) ........................ at / you
• Mike (dance)......................... a / disco / in ..........................
• He (cry) ..................
• He (cook) .......................... / an omelette / for dinner
• Mike (clean) .......................... the house

Melisa Reyes

Simple Present Tense

Choose the correct alternative :

• Do you like, likes , be like chocolate milk?
• He do , does , is not want to come to the movies.
• Is , Are, Am we too late to catch the bus?
• It is, are , am a beautiful day today.
• Sorry, Lisa am, is, be not here at the moment.
• Is, Are, Am I correct?
• Robert is, does , are not go to my school.
• My parents live , lives , are live in a 2 bedroom apartment.
• We do be , are, do are European.
• You looks, are , be so happy today!

Melisa Reyes

Present Simple and Present Continuous

Present Simple

• Actions thar happen always, usually, often, regurarly, every day/ week/ month/ year, etc, sometimes, rarely, never

She usually goes to bed at ten o'clock

• States

His hair is quite long at the moment.

• General truths and facts

Water freezes at 0º C

Present Continuous

We ue present continuous for:

• Actions happening at the momnet of speaking

Tracy is having a bath at the moment

• Tempory situations and ations in the present

This week we are learning about yhe present continuous.

BE CAREFUL!

• We can also use present continuous for repeated actions ( with always) to emphasise that action is annoying or unexpected

You are always complaining!

He is always giving me little surprise presents

• We can aslo use present continuous for changing situations ( usually with more and more, better and better, etc)

The weather is getting worse and worse evey day

Melisa Reyes

SYLLABU

1.- Present Simple - Present Continuous
2.- Stative Verbs
3.- Past Simple and The Past Continuous
4.- Use to and Would
5.- Contable and Uncontable Nouns
6.- Comparative and Superlatives
7.- Present Perfect